Post #89 4-18-18

That's Roman legion, clear as day
5,000 soldiers, not in it for pay (not yet)

• Group of eight's a century 
• an horseback is a cavalry 
• Sheild, sword, dagger and armor and tunic 

Fighting Carthage in Wars that are Punic
Rome vs Carthage
Three Wars

Two empires fighting for control 
Fighting the first Punic war



Who settled Rome 

Etruscans

• came from north-central part of the peninsula
• metalworkers, artists, architects
  
  
  Who else settled Rome
  Greeks
  • they had many colonies around the Mediterranean Sea
  • Romans borrowed ideas from them, such as:
  • religious beliefs
  • alphabet
  • much of their art
  • military techniques and weaponry
  
  
  But who first settled there?
  the Latins!
  • descendants of Indo-Europeans
  • settled on the banks of the Tiber
  • situated so trading ships - but not war fleets - could navigate as far as Rome, but no further
  • a commercial port, but not susceptible to attack
  • and... built on seven hills (esp. Pal
  
  
  They drained the swamp
  • many streams flowed into the Tiber
  • there was a marshy area called the Forum,  between Palatine and Capitoline Hills
  • Tarquin the Proud’s grandfather built the Cloaca Maxima (largest ancient drain), which channeled water into the Tiber
  urban legend says Washington DC was built on a swamp - but only about 2% was actually swampland - however, Constitution Avenue is located on what used to be called Tiber creek.
  
  
  Now Tarquin's kinda proud, but he got a little loud....
  • Lucius Tarquinias Superbus
  • the seventh and final king of Rome
  • known as Tarquin the Proud (sometimes referred to as Tarquin the Arrogant)
  • a true tyrant, in the old and modern sense of the word
    
    
    No wonder why they didnt want anymore kings
    • Tarquin seized power like an old school tyrant (see if you can follow this horrible story...)
    • ...Tarquin’s grandfather (the fifth king) dies… his widow names Servius Tullias king, since she liked him more than her own sons… S.T.’s daughters marry two brothers (one is Tarquin)… one of the daughters (Tullia) kills her husband and her own sister… this leaves her free to marry Tarquin
    • but wait, there’s more...
  
  
  Rome's power couple (in a bad way)
  
  
  Tullia persuades Tarquin to seize the throne from her father… he sits on the throne and declares himself king… S.T. objects, and Tarquin throws him down the steps and into the street, then has him assassinated… Tullia hails Tarquin as the new king, but he sends her home for safety… on her way home she sees the body of her father in the street, seizes the reins, and drives her chariot over his corpse...Tarquin refuses to bury his body, and assassinates senators who object
  
  
  They turned around and ran the best tyrant out of town
  the people’s shock at this horrible family and their terrible behavior made them NEVER want to be subject to the rule of kings EVER again - this was an attitude that lasted for centuries
  
  
  Hey we got three goverment.
  Rule of kings is replaced by rule of two consuls (“gotta be better than one”)
  • consuls are elected officials
  • term of office: one year
  • always aristocrats (patricians)
  • patricians traced their descent from a famous ancestor, or pater (“father”)
  • duties: dealing justice, making law, commanding the army
  • one consul could veto the other (reducing the power of the individual)
    
    
    Then a challenge from the regualer folks.
  • fifth century BCE - patrician dominance of the government was challenged by the plebs (“people”)
  • plebs were 98% of the population
  • how did the patricians dominate?
  • plebs had to serve in the army,
        but could not hold office
  • plebs were threatened with debt slavery
  • plebs had no legal rights
    
    
    No legal rights? 
    plebs were victims of discriminatory decisions in judicial trials
  • Rome had no actual laws, just unwritten customs
  • patricians could interpret these to their own advantage
  
  
  So, plebs refused to serve in the military until…
  • laws were written out (The Law of the Twelve Tables)
  • these laws (on tablets) were posted in public (in 450 BCE)
  tribunes (“tribal leaders”) were elected
  
  
  SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanum
  • designates any decree or decision made by “the Roman Senate and People
  
  
  • democracy (the people’s assembly and the tribunes
  • aristocracy (the Senate - approx. 300 members)
  • plus monarchy (the consuls)
  • not a tyranny (eww… too scary… a mistake the Romans did not care to repeat)
    
    
    Gov- Rome/Usa
    • originally, the US modeled their new government on the model used by the ancient Romans
    • is it exactly the same?  not quite…
    • but both have three branches of government
    • executive
    • legislative
    • judicial
    • and both have a legal code
    
    
    Rome 
    • executive
    • two consuls
    • one year terms
    • each has veto power
    • controls the military
    • could appoint a dictator in a 
      crisis for a six-month term
    Us 
    • executive
    • President (plus VP)
    • four year terms
    • can veto proposed laws
    • Commander-in-Chief of the military
      
      
      Rome
      • legislative
      • Senate - 300 people - aristocrats - members for life
      • Assemblies (either Centuriate or Tribal) 193 members (later 373) - members for life
    
    
    Us
    • legislative
    • Senate - 100 senators (two from each state) - six-year terms
    • House of Representatives - 435 members (55 from Cali; MD has 8; AK, DE, MT, ND, SD, VT, WY have 1) - two-year terms
    
    
    Rome 

    judicial

    
    
    • Praetors
    • chosen by the Centuriate Assembly
    • one-year terms
    
    
    Us
    judicial
    • Supreme Court
    • nine members
    • lifetime terms
    • appointed by the President, confirmed by the Senate
    
    
    Rome
    • Twelve Tables
    • Publicly displayed in the Forum
    • gave rights to plebeians, not just aristocrats
    • only protected free-born male citizens (not women)
    
    
    Us
    • Bill of Rights
    • first ten amendments to the Constitution
    • 1 - free speech/press/religion
    • 2 - bear arms
    • 3 - no quartering
    • 4 - no search and seizure
    • 5 - no self-incrimination
    • 6 - right to fair trial
    • 7 - jury trials
    • 8 - no cruel or unusual punishment
    • 9 - right to privacy, +rights are assumed
    • 10 - states have power where fed doesn’t
      
      
      The Punic Wars (264 - 146 BCE)
      Rome vs. Carthage
      three wars
      
      
      First Punic War
      (264 - 241 BCE)
      • naval battles for control of the strategically located island of Sicily
      • Rome wins this one
    .
    Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE)
    • 29-year-old Carthaginian general Hannibal almost does the impossible: taking Rome
    • attacks Rome from the NORTH after crossing Iberia (Spain) and the Alps
    lays siege to much of the peninsula for 15 years, but he never can get to Rome
    Third and final
    • Rome wanted to finally remove the threat of Carthage
    • Scipio, Tiberius Gracchus, and others mercilessly attacked the city
    • Carthage was burned for 17 days; the city’s walls and buildings were utterly destroyed
    • when the war ended, the last 50,000 people in the city were sold into slavery
    • the rest of Carthage’s territories were annexed, and made into the Roman province of Africa
  Ceasar in power
  • Serves as consul (one year)
  • Appoints himself governor of Gaul
  • Pompey is jealous, becomes his rival
  • Caesar’s armies clash with Pompey’s in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt (Caesar - winning!)
  • In 44BC he is named dictator - first for six months, then for life
  
  
  Ceasar reforms
  • Granted citizenship to people in provinces
  • Expanded the Senate, adding his friends
  • Created jobs for the poor, especially through public works projects
  • Increased pay for soldiers
  • Started colonies where those without land could own property
    
    
    After math of murder
    • Julius Caesar’s grandnephew - and adopted son - Octavian takes over at the age of 18! with his own triumvirate
    • Mark Antony is an experienced general
    • Lepidus is a powerful politician
    • This is the Second Triumvirate
      
      
      Octavaian
      He is now the unchallenged ruler of Rome
      • He was given the honorific “Augustus”
      • “Exalted one”
      • He was also given the title “imperator”
      • Supreme military commander
      • This is where we get the word “emperor”
      • Now Rome is an empire, not a republic
        • Expanded the Roman Empire further into Africa
        • He set up civil service to run the government/empire
        • Building a network of roads
        • Collecting taxes
        • Establishing a postal service
        • Administering the grain supply
        • Building awesome public facilities
        • Buildings, aqueducts
        • Setting up a police department
        • Running a fire-fighting organization
        Finally died of natural causes
        Tiberius 
        • Ruled from AD 14 to AD 37
        • an excellent general, but a reluctant emperor
        • after the death of his son, he exiled himself from Rome and left his prefects in charge
        • died at age 77
        
        Caligula
        • Ruled from AD 37 to AD 41 (only 4 years!)
        • won a power struggle after Tiberius' death
        • known for his cruelty, extravagance, and perversity - an insane tyrant
        • assassinated by a group of praetorian guards, Senators, and the imperial court, trying to re-establish the Republic
        • but it didn't work..
      Claudius
      • Ruled from AD 41 to AD 54
      • suffered from many infirmities: a limp, stammering, shaking, slobbering... possibly because of cerebral palsy
      • took over because he was the last adult male in the family
      • ruled well - built roads, aqueducts, canals, and started the conquest of Britain
      • died by poisoning - it was his last wife's plan (she wanted her son Nero to rise to power)\
        
        
        
        
      Nero
      • ruled from 54 to 68
      • emphasized the arts
      • huge fire in 64 (although he DIDN'T fiddle)
      • he wanted to rebuild Rome to be more majestic
      • he hugely overspent, and even raided the temples for money
      • historians do not look kindly on him
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      .